楊小曼 你永遠都不懂
Rap：冷漠
出品人：冷漠
跟着音乐的节奏（滴答滴答滴答答）
忘乎所以地摇头（滴答滴答滴答答）
跳着诱人的舞步（滴答滴答滴答答）
感受着短暂的温柔
你拉住我的双手 想让我跟你走
可你现在才回头 我已不能够接受
请放开我的双手 我也有我的自由
不想再听你说什么：No no no！
你永远都不懂 你伤我有多痛
脸上再没有了往日的笑容
你永远都不懂 我为何会放纵
不想再看到你那张那张虚伪的面孔
Rap：噢！亲爱的看到你这样的难过
我知道这一切都是我的错
我不值得不值得你这样为我
你已经惩罚了我让我不知所措
再给我一次机会让我努力去做
因为你对我的爱现在已经让我懂得
如果 我说是如果还是让你难过
你的放纵你的堕落对我就是最残忍的
跟着音乐的节奏（滴答滴答滴答答）
忘乎所以地摇头（滴答滴答滴答答）
跳着诱人的舞步（滴答滴答滴答答）
感受着短暂的温柔
你拉住我的双手 想让我跟你走
可你现在才回头 我已不能够接受
请放开我的双手 我也有我的自由
不想再听你说什么：No no no！
你永远都不懂 你伤我有多痛
脸上再没有了往日的笑容
你永远都不懂 我为何会放纵
不想再看到你那张那张虚伪的面孔
你永远都不懂 你伤我有多痛
脸上再没有了往日的笑容
你永远都不懂 我为何会放纵
不想再看到你那张那张虚伪的面孔
你永远都不懂 你伤我有多痛
脸上再没有了往日的笑容
你永远都不懂 我为何会放纵
不想再看到你那张那张虚伪的面孔
Yang Xiaoman you never know
Rap: indifferenceProducer: Indifference
Follow the rhythm of music (ticking ticking)Forget to shook his head (ticking tick)Jumping tempting dance steps (Ticking Ticking)Feel the short gentleYou pull my hands to let me go with youBut now you go back I can not accept itPlease let go of my hands I also have my freedomDo not want to hear what you say: No no no!You never know how hurt you hurt meThere is no longer a smile on my faceYou never know why I indulgeDo not want to see that piece of your fake faceRap: Oh! Dear, I see you so sadI know it's all my faultI do not deserve it not worth you as meYou've punished me for letting me know what to doGive me another chance for me to work hardBecause of your love for me now let me knowIf I say that if it still makes you sadYour indulgence your fall to me is the most cruelFollow the rhythm of music (ticking ticking)Forget to shook his head (ticking tick)Jumping tempting dance steps (Ticking Ticking)Feel the short gentleYou pull my hands to let me go with youBut now you go back I can not accept itPlease let go of my hands I also have my freedomDo not want to hear what you say: No no no!You never know how hurt you hurt meThere is no longer a smile on my faceYou never know why I indulgeDo not want to see that piece of your fake face
You never know how hurt you hurt meThere is no longer a smile on my faceYou never know why I indulgeDo not want to see that piece of your fake faceYou never know how hurt you hurt meThere is no longer a smile on my faceYou never know why I indulgeDo not want to see that piece of your fake face
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Thursday, December 21, 2017
我爱你胜过你爱我 Wo ai ni sheng guo ni ai wo ~ I love you more than you love me (Leng mo vs yang xiao man)
冷漠 - 我爱你胜过你爱我(vs. 杨小曼)
Leng mo - Wo ai ni sheng guo ni ai wo (vs. yang xiao man )
作词：笑天
zuo ci xiao tian
作曲：笑天
zuo qu xiao tian
请别说爱上我是一个错
qing bie shuo ai shang wo shi yi ge cuo
哪怕注定没结果
na pa zhu ding mei jie guo
我不是故意对你冷漠
wo bu shi gu yi dui ni leng mo
也不想让你难过
ye bu xiang rang ni nan guo
也许我太过自我
ye xu wo tai guo zi wo
让你受尽了折磨
rang ni shou jin liao zhe mo
我现在只想对你说
wo xian zai zhi xiang dui ni shuo
我爱你胜过你爱我
wo ai ni sheng guo ni ai wo
如何快乐怎么快乐
ru he kuai le zen me kuai le
窗外在下着雨我的眼泪在滴
chuang wai zai xia zhuo yu wo de yan lei zai di
爱一个人如何能抓住她的心
ai yi ge ren ru he neng zhua zhu ta de xin
天长地久到白头
tian chang di jiu dao bai tou
难过的时候我学会了独自承受
nan guo de shi hou wo xue hui liao du zi cheng shou
为什么你变得不再温柔
wei shi me ni bian de bu zai wen rou
想你的时候你是否也能感受
xiang ni de shi hou ni shi fou ye neng gan shou
爱错了你也不回头
ai cuo liao ni ye bu hui tou
请别说爱上我是一个错
qing bie shuo ai shang wo shi yi ge cuo
哪怕注定没结果
na pa zhu ding mei jie guo
我不是故意对你冷漠
wo bu shi gu yi dui ni leng mo
也不想让你难过
ye bu xiang rang ni nan guo
也许我太过自我
ye xu wo tai guo zi wo
让你受尽了折磨
rang ni shou jin liao zhe mo
我现在只想对你说
wo xian zai zhi xiang dui ni shuo
我爱你胜过你爱我
wo ai ni sheng guo ni ai wo
如何快乐怎么快乐
ru he kuai le zen me kuai le
窗外在下着雨我的眼泪在滴
chuang wai zai xia zhuo yu wo de yan lei zai di
爱一个人如何能抓住她的心
ai yi ge ren ru he neng zhua zhu ta de xin
天长地久到白头
tian chang di jiu dao bai tou
难过的时候我学会了独自承受
nan guo de shi hou wo xue hui liao du zi cheng shou
为什么你变得不再温柔
wei shi me ni bian de bu zai wen rou
想你的时候你是否也能感受
xiang ni de shi hou ni shi fou ye neng gan shou
爱错了你也不回头
ai cuo liao ni ye bu hui tou
请别说爱上我是一个错
qing bie shuo ai shang wo shi yi ge cuo
哪怕注定没结果
na pa zhu ding mei jie guo
我不是故意对你冷漠
wo bu shi gu yi dui ni leng mo
也不想让你难过
ye bu xiang rang ni nan guo
也许我太过自我
ye xu wo tai guo zi wo
让你受尽了折磨
rang ni shou jin liao zhe mo
我现在只想对你说
wo xian zai zhi xiang dui ni shuo
我爱你胜过你爱我
wo ai ni sheng guo ni ai wo
我现在只想对你说
wo xian zai zhi xiang dui ni shuo
我爱你胜过你爱我
wo ai ni sheng guo ni ai wo
I love you better than you love me
Please do not say that it is a mistake to fall in love with me
Even if doomed to no result
I did not mean to you indifferently
Do not want to make you sad
Maybe I'm too self
Let you suffered torture
I just want to say to you now
I love you better than you love me
How happy how happy
The window is raining and my tears are dripping
How can a person love her?
Forever
When I was sad I learned to live alone
Why you become no longer gentle
You can feel it when you miss you
Love you wrong do not look back
Please do not say that it is a mistake to fall in love with me
Even if doomed to no result
I did not mean to you indifferently
Do not want to make you sad
Maybe I'm too self
Let you suffered torture
I just want to say to you now
More more detailed lyrics in
I love you better than you love me
How happy how happy
The window is raining and my tears are dripping
How can a person love her?
Forever
When I was sad I learned to live alone
Why you become no longer gentle
You can feel it when you miss you
Love you wrong do not look back
Please do not say that it is a mistake to fall in love with me
Even if doomed to no result
I did not mean to you indifferently
Do not want to make you sad
Maybe I'm too self
Let you suffered torture
I just want to say to you now
I love you better than you love me
I just want to say to you now
I love you better than you love me
犯錯 Fan cuo ~ Make mistakes Cover (Gu Feng y Siqin Gaoli)
Gu feng - Fan cuo
Gu feng - Fan cuo
Myanmar units of measurement
Myanmar units of measurement
The traditional Burmese units of measurement are still in everyday use in Myanmar (also known as Burma). According to the CIA Factbook, Myanmar is one of three countries that have not adopted the International System of Units (SI) metric system as their official system of weights and measures.[1] However, in June 2011, the Burmese government's Ministry of Commerce
began discussing proposals to reform the measurement system in Burma
and adopt the metric system used by most of its trading partners,[2]
and in October 2013, Dr. Pwint San, Deputy Minister for Commerce,
announced that the country was preparing to adopt the metric system.[3]
Most of the nation uses Burmese units only, although Burmese government web pages in English use imperial and metric units inconsistently. For instance, the Ministry of Construction uses miles to describe the length of roads[4] and square feet for the size of houses,[5] but square kilometres for the total land area of new town developments in Yangon City.[5] The Ministry of Agriculture uses acres for land areas.[6] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses kilometres (with mile equivalents in parentheses) to describe the dimensions of the country.[7]
Most of the nation uses Burmese units only, although Burmese government web pages in English use imperial and metric units inconsistently. For instance, the Ministry of Construction uses miles to describe the length of roads[4] and square feet for the size of houses,[5] but square kilometres for the total land area of new town developments in Yangon City.[5] The Ministry of Agriculture uses acres for land areas.[6] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses kilometres (with mile equivalents in parentheses) to describe the dimensions of the country.[7]
Contents
Length
| Unit | Metric | Imperial/US | Ratio to previous |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burmese | Romanized | |||
| ဆံခြည် | sanchi | 79.375 µm | 3 1⁄8 thou/mil | |
| နှမ်း | hnan | 0.79375 mm | 31 1⁄4 thou/mil | 10 |
| မုယော | mayaw | 4.7625 mm | 3⁄16 in | 6 |
| လက်သစ် | let thit | 1.905 cm | 3⁄4 in; one digit | 4 |
| မိုက် | maik | 15.24 cm | 6 in; one shaftment | 8 |
| ထွာ | htwa | 22.86 cm | 9 in; one span | 1.5 |
| တောင် | taung | 45.72 cm | 1 1⁄2 ft; one cubit | 2 |
| လံ | lan | 1.8288 m | 6 ft; one fathom | 4 |
| တာ | ta | 3.2004 m | 10 1⁄2 ft | 1.75 |
| ဥသဘ | out-thaba (from Pali usaba) |
64.008 m | 70 yd | 20 |
| ကောသ | kawtha (from Pali kosa) |
1.28016 km | 0.795455 mi | 20 |
| ဂါဝုတ် | ga-wout (from Pali gavuta) |
5.12064 km | 3.18182 mi; about one league | 4 |
| ယူဇနာ | yuzana (from Pali yojana) |
20.48256 km | 12.7273 mi | 4 |
Mass
| Unit | Metric | Imperial/US | Ratio to previous |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burmese | Romanized | |||
| ရွဲလေး | yway lay | 136.078 mg | 2.1 grain | |
| ရွဲကြီး | yway gyi | 272.155 mg | 4.2 grain | 2 |
| ပဲသား | petha | 1.02058 g | 15.75 grain | 3.75 |
| မူးသား | mutha | 2.04117 g | 31.5 grain | 2 |
| မတ်သား | mattha | 4.08233 g | 63 grain | 2 |
| ငါးမူးသား | nga mutha[N 1] | 8.16466 g | 0.288 oz | 2 |
| ကျပ်သား | kyattha[N 2] | 16.3293 g | 0.576 oz | 2 |
| အဝက်သား | awettha | 204.117 g | 7.2 oz | 12.5 |
| အစိတ်သား | aseittha | 408.233 g | 14.4 oz | 2 |
| ငါးဆယ်သား | ngase tha | 816.466 g | 1.8 lb | 2 |
| ၁ပိဿာ | peittha[N 3] | 1.63293 kg | 3.6 lb | 2 |
| အချိန်တစ်ရာ | achein taya | 163.293 kg | 360 lb | 100 |
- Traditionally known as a viss in English.
Volume
| Unit | Metric | Imperial | US | Ratio to previous |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burmese | Romanized | ||||
| လမြူ | la myu | 79.9118 ml | 2 13⁄16 fl oz | 2.70214 fl oz | |
| လမျက် | la myet | 159.824 ml | 5 5⁄8 fl oz | 5.40428 fl oz | 2 |
| လမယ် | la me | 319.647 ml | 11 1⁄4 fl oz | 10.8086 fl oz | 2 |
| စလယ် | sa le | 639.294 ml | 1 1⁄8 pints | 1.35107 pints | 2 |
| ခွက် | hkwet | 1.27859 l | 1 1⁄8 qt | 1.35107 qt | 2 |
| ပြည် | pyi | 2.55718 l | 2 1⁄4 qt | 2.70214 qt | 2 |
| စိတ် | seit | 10.2287 l | 2 1⁄4 gallons 1 1⁄8 pecks |
2.70214 gallons 1.16106 pecks |
4 |
| ခွဲ | hkwe | 20.4574 l | 4 1⁄2 gallons 2 1⁄4 pecks |
5.40428 gallons 2.32213 pecks |
2 |
| တင်း | tin | 40.9148 l | 9 gallons 1 1⁄8 bushels |
10.8086 gallons 1.16107 bushels |
2 |
Money
| Unit | Equivalent to | |
|---|---|---|
| Burmese | Romanized | |
| ၁ျပား | 1 pya | |
| မတ္ | 1 mat | 25 pya |
| ငါးမူး | 5 mu | 2 mat |
| ၁က်ပ္ | 1 kyat | 10 mu |
Adoption of SI (metric) system
In October 2013, the Ministry of Commerce announced that Myanmar was preparing to adopt the International System of Units (SI System) as the country's official system of measurement.[3]Monday, December 18, 2017
Agriculture, Livestock, Thailand, to manage the process of the war, (0) Agriculture, Traditional One.
War is about to manage the process of agricultural breeding ....Entrepreneurs and the government's ability to grow and Secure future Lie breeding ...Per person, food, Ye stay Medical needs, instead of 0, Food, health, unity and human dignity must be in line with earnings, food. Home is home to natural disasters, Medical and health needs, instead of a weather-resistant, 0. If you focus on existential sure you can live with peace.
Ref:WinMyint IQwin Farm
Ref:WinMyint IQwin Farm
G.E.M.鄧紫棋 - 夜空中最亮的星 the brightest star in the night sky
G.E.Mthe brightest star in the night sky
Lyrics: escape plan
Composer: Escape plan
Arranger: Lupo Groinig
Can you hear the brightest star in the night sky?
The lonely and sighing of the heart of those looking upward
Whether the brightest star in the night sky can remember
I walked with my colleagues disappear in the wind figure
I pray
Have a transparent heart and tearful eyes
Give me the courage to believe again to lie to hug you
Whenever I can not find the meaning of existence
Whenever I lost in the dark
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
Whether the brightest star in the night sky knows
Where have you been with me?
Whether the brightest star in the night sky cares
Is the sun first or accident first come
I pray
More more detailed lyrics in ※ Mojim.com magic mirror lyrics network
Have a transparent heart and tearful eyes
Give me the courage to believe again to lie to hug you
Whenever I can not find the meaning of existence
Whenever I lost in the dark
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
I do not want to forget your eyes
Give me another courage to embrace you
I can not find the meaning of existence
I lost in the night
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward.
G.E.M.鄧紫棋 - 喜歡你(EDM Mix) Heroes Of The World II G.E.M. -DVD - Like You (EDM Mix)
Lyrics: escape plan
Composer: Escape plan
Arranger: Lupo Groinig
Can you hear the brightest star in the night sky?
The lonely and sighing of the heart of those looking upward
Whether the brightest star in the night sky can remember
I walked with my colleagues disappear in the wind figure
I pray
Have a transparent heart and tearful eyes
Give me the courage to believe again to lie to hug you
Whenever I can not find the meaning of existence
Whenever I lost in the dark
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
Whether the brightest star in the night sky knows
Where have you been with me?
Whether the brightest star in the night sky cares
Is the sun first or accident first come
I pray
More more detailed lyrics in ※ Mojim.com magic mirror lyrics network
Have a transparent heart and tearful eyes
Give me the courage to believe again to lie to hug you
Whenever I can not find the meaning of existence
Whenever I lost in the dark
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward
I do not want to forget your eyes
Give me another courage to embrace you
I can not find the meaning of existence
I lost in the night
The brightest star in the night sky please light me forward.
G.E.M.鄧紫棋 - 喜歡你(EDM Mix) Heroes Of The World II G.E.M. -DVD - Like You (EDM Mix)
How can the rule of law in Burma
NLD government weakens the rule of law during the period up until today features section, Getting to improve the justice system, the situation is no human rights lawyer Robert San Aung said. Congress is asked to meet.
This self-balancing motorcycle is just awesome!
Self-balancing, fully-electric two-wheeled vehicle that combines the romance and efficiency of a motorcycle with the safety and comfort of a car. The gyro stability system makes the C-1 as easy to drive as a car, and just as safe. All the comforts and safety features you expect in a car, but the small size and agility of a motorcycle. 200 miles per charge, 100+ mph top speed, 0-60 in ~6 seconds. BMW Self Driving Motorbike World Premiere BMW Vision 100 Motorbike Review BMW Autonomous CARJAM Bike of the FUTURE: Self Balancing Honda VS Bmw Motorrad VISION NEXT 100 Motorcycle BMW Vision 100 Self Driving Motorbike REVIEW BMW Vision 100 Self Balancing Motorbike Review BMW Autonomous Bike Watch in UltraHD + SUBSCRIBE #CARJAMTV CARJAM TV - Subscribe Here Now https://www.youtube.com/user/CarjamRa... Like Us Now On Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/CarjamTV For The World's Best Car Videos Website: http://www.carjamtv.com CARJAM TV: WORLD’S BEST CAR VIDEOS BMW Motorrad VISION NEXT 100: What kind of world will be home to the BMW Vision 100 motorcycle of the future? “Normally, when we develop a motorcycle, we tend to think 5 to 10 years in advance. On this occasion, we looked much further ahead and found the experience especially exciting. There are some very attractive prospects. I firmly believe the BMW Vision 100 Motorbike sets out a coherent future scenario for the BMW Motorrad brand”, explains Edgar Heinrich. When designing the BMW Motorrad VISION NEXT 100, the team was thinking decades in advance. In tomorrow’s world, connectivity and digitalisation will be all-encompassing. Most vehicles will be driverless, and life will be organised largely by digital services. More and more of the world’s population will be living in urban areas. Digital technologies for an analogue experience. Building on the benefits of the digital world, the BMW Self Balancing Motorcycle VISION NEXT 100 takes the analogue riding experience to a completely new level. The BMW Self Balancing Motorcycle unique sensation of freedom is made possible by intelligent connectivity between rider, bike and the outside world – a combination that also allows the prediction of critical situations on the roads. In conjunction with the active assistance systems, these connected elements help keep riders of the BMW Self Balancing Motorcycle Motorrad VISION NEXT 100 in complete control of their ride. As well as anticipating what lies ahead and alerting the user when action is needed, they offer active rider protection and will consign the helmets and body protectors of today to the history books. “Self-balancing” – active, intelligent assistant systems. In certain situations, the active assistance systems of the future will also enhance stability and safety by automatically balancing the motorcycle, both out on the road and when stationary. Novice riders will benefit from additional guidance in all riding situations and from a bike that will never tip over. The BMW Self Balancing Motorcycle VISION NEXT 100 rights itself while even stationary, remaining upright when the rider has dismounted. The BMW Self Driving Motorbike balancing systems also work out on the road to ensure a particularly agile and dynamic riding experience with even lighter handling, which seasoned riders will appreciate, and all the benefits of assistance systems to enhance their capabilities even further. The BMW Motorrad VISION NEXT 100 helps every biker become more proficient and enjoy an even more positive riding experience. Every trip becomes a journey of freedom, from beginning to end. The “Digital Companion” – connected. Ubiquitous. Discreet. When combined, the BMW Motorrad VISION NEXT 100 bike and the special rider’s gear that has been designed to accompany it form a single functional unit: a Digital Companion that provides the situational information and active support the rider needs. But because biking is essentially about the experience, the Digital Companion remains in the background: though constantly active, it works away unnoticed until required to issue an alert via the user interface or provide active assistance, for instance. Unless the rider or circumstances require it, the Digital Companion remains silent.
BMW Motorrad VISION NEXT 100. Making of.
Those who eat prawns better be careful. # Fake Chemical Prawns
Companies in Vietnam inject substances to shrimps in order to increase sales.
Vietnam is one of the top 5 exporters of shrimps, which are the most consumed sea animal in the world. Even though animal flesh is known to be unhealthy, it seems that these days it's more dangerous than ever...
Her Birth Parents and found the 20 years ago!
So Many Chinese friends only single boy or girl ,This sense of edible Chinese one baby born here because don't know how to felt the good brothers and sister are not causing me .....
When Kati Pohler was three days old she was left at a market in China.
She was later adopted by an American family.
When she was 20, Kati discovered her birth parents had left her a note,
and that every year on the same day, they waited for her on a famous
bridge in Hangzhou.
This is the amazing story of one daughter, two families a world apart, and a reunion 20 years in the making.
Who'd be abandoned the market in China has adopted a girl American couple.
See you back more than 20 years old and native parents in favor of China. their lives.
See you back more than 20 years old and native parents in favor of China. their lives.
See story Fantasy have been able to watch.
# # BBC China: https://www.facebook.com/?ref=tn_tnmn
KFC
...KFC
The KFC logo
|
|
| Subsidiary | |
| Industry | Restaurants |
| Genre | Fast food restaurant |
| Founded |
|
| Founder | Harland Sanders |
| Headquarters | 1441 Gardiner Lane Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |
|
Number of locations
|
19,952[1] (2015) |
|
Key people
|
|
| Products |
|
| Revenue | US$23 billion (2013)[3] |
| Parent |
|
| Website |
www |
KFC was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders, an entrepreneur who began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky during the Great Depression. Sanders identified the potential of the restaurant franchising concept, and the first "Kentucky Fried Chicken" franchise opened in Utah in 1952. KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger. By branding himself as "Colonel Sanders", Harland became a prominent figure of American cultural history, and his image remains widely used in KFC advertising. However, the company's rapid expansion overwhelmed the aging Sanders and he sold it to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey in 1964.
KFC was one of the first American fast food chains to expand internationally, opening outlets in Canada, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Jamaica by the mid-1960s. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it experienced mixed fortunes domestically, as it went through a series of changes in corporate ownership with little or no experience in the restaurant business. In the early 1970s, KFC was sold to the spirits distributor Heublein, which was taken over by the R.J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate; that company sold the chain to PepsiCo. The chain continued to expand overseas, however, and in 1987, it became the first Western restaurant chain to open in China. It has since expanded rapidly in China, which is now the company's single largest market. PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as Tricon Global Restaurants, which later changed its name to Yum! Brands.
KFC's original product is pressure fried chicken pieces, seasoned with Sanders' recipe of 11 herbs and spices. The constituents of the recipe represent a notable trade secret. Larger portions of fried chicken are served in a cardboard "bucket", which has become a well known feature of the chain since it was first introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957. Since the early 1990s, KFC has expanded its menu to offer other chicken products such as chicken fillet burgers and wraps, as well as salads and side dishes, such as French fries and coleslaw, desserts, and soft drinks, the latter often supplied by PepsiCo. KFC is known for its slogans "Finger Lickin' Good", "Nobody does chicken like KFC" and "So good".
Contents
History
The Harland Sanders Café and Museum in Corbin, Kentucky
Harland Sanders was born in 1890 and raised on a farm outside Henryville, Indiana (near Louisville, Kentucky).[5] When Sanders was five years old, his father died, forcing his mother to work at a canning plant.[6] This left Sanders, as the eldest son, to care for his two younger siblings.[6] After he reached seven years of age, his mother taught him how to cook.[5] After leaving the family home at the age of 13, Sanders passed through several professions, with mixed success.[7] In 1930, he took over a Shell filling station on US Route 25 just outside North Corbin, Kentucky, a small town on the edge of the Appalachian Mountains.[8]
It was here that he first served to travelers the recipes that he had
learned as a child: fried chicken and other dishes such as steaks and country ham.[8]
After four years of serving from his own dining room table, Sanders
purchased the larger filling station on the other side of the road and
expanded to six tables.[9] By 1936, this had proven successful enough for Sanders to be given the honorary title of Kentucky colonel by Governor Ruby Laffoon.[10] In 1937 he expanded his restaurant to 142 seats, and added a motel he purchased across the street, naming it Sanders Court & Café.[11]
Sanders was unhappy with the 35 minutes it took to prepare his chicken in an iron frying pan, but he refused to deep fry the chicken, which he believed lowered the quality of the product.[12] If he pre-cooked the chicken in advance of orders, there was sometimes wastage at day's end.[5] In 1939, the first commercial pressure cookers were released onto the market, mostly designed for steaming vegetables.[13] Sanders bought one, and modified it into a pressure fryer, which he then used to fry chicken.[14]
The new method reduced production time to be comparable with deep
frying, while, in the opinion of Sanders, retaining the quality of
pan-fried chicken.[12]
In July 1940, Sanders finalised what came to be known as his "Original Recipe" of 11 herbs and spices.[15]
Although he never publicly revealed the recipe, he admitted to the use
of salt and pepper, and claimed that the ingredients "stand on
everybody's shelf".[16] After being recommissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by Governor Lawrence Wetherby, Sanders began to dress the part, growing a goatee and wearing a black frock coat (later switched to a white suit), a string tie, and referring to himself as "Colonel".[16] His associates went along with the title change, "jokingly at first and then in earnest", according to biographer Josh Ozersky.[17]
Harland Sanders in character as "The Colonel"
The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers, so when the route planned in 1955 for Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin, Sanders sold his properties and traveled the US to franchise his chicken recipe to restaurant owners.[18] Independent restaurants would pay four (later five) cents
on each chicken as a franchise fee, in exchange for Sanders' "secret
blend of herbs and spices" and the right to feature his recipe on their
menus and use his name and likeness for promotional purposes.[19] In 1952 he had already successfully franchised his recipe to his friend Pete Harman of South Salt Lake, Utah, the operator of one of the city's largest restaurants.[20]
Don Anderson, a sign painter hired by Harman, coined the name "Kentucky Fried Chicken".[21]
For Harman, the addition of KFC was a way of differentiating his
restaurant from competitors; a product from Kentucky was exotic, and
evoked imagery of Southern hospitality.[21] Harman trademarked the phrase "It's finger lickin' good", which eventually became the company-wide slogan.[19] He also introduced the "bucket meal" in 1957 (14 pieces of chicken, five bread rolls and a pint of gravy in a cardboard bucket).[22] Serving their signature meal in a paper bucket was to become an iconic feature of the company.[22]
By 1963 there were 600 KFC restaurants, making the company the largest fast food operation in the United States.[18] KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger.[23]
In 1964, Sanders sold the company to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey for US$2 million (around US$15 million in 2013).[10]
The contract included a lifetime salary for Sanders and the agreement
that he would be the company's quality controller and trademark.[24] The chain had reached 3,000 outlets in 48 different countries by 1970.[25] In July 1971, Brown sold the company to the Connecticut-based Heublein, a packaged food and drinks corporation, for US$285 million (around US$1.6 billion in 2013).[26] Sanders died in 1980, his promotional work making him a prominent figure in American cultural history.[23]
By the time of his death, there were an estimated 6,000 KFC outlets in
48 different countries worldwide, with $2 billion of sales annually.[27]
In 1982, Heublein was acquired by R. J. Reynolds, the tobacco giant.[22] In July 1986, Reynolds sold KFC to PepsiCo for $850 million (around US$1.8 billion in 2013).[28] PepsiCo made the chain a part of its restaurants division alongside Pizza Hut and Taco Bell.[29] The Chinese market was entered in November 1987, with an outlet in Beijing.[22]
In 1991, the KFC name was officially adopted, although it was already widely known by that initialism.[30]
Kyle Craig, president of KFC US, admitted the change was an attempt to
distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of "fried".[31]
The early 1990s saw a number of successful major products launched
throughout the chain, including spicy "Hot Wings" (launched in 1990),
popcorn chicken (1992), and internationally, the "Zinger", a spicy
chicken fillet burger (1993).[32] By 1994, KFC had 5,149 outlets in the US, and 9,407 overall, with over 100,000 employees.[33]
In August 1997, PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as a public
company valued at US$4.5 billion (around US$6.5 billion in 2013).[34] The new company was named Tricon Global Restaurants,
and at the time had 30,000 outlets and annual sales of US$10 billion
(around US$14 billion in 2013), making it second in the world only to
McDonald's.[35] Tricon was renamed Yum! Brands in May 2002.[36]
By 2015, the company was struggling, having lost business to other retailers and being surpassed by Chick-fil-A
as the leading chicken retailer three years previously. To combat this,
the company launched a new initiative with a plan to revamp its
packaging, decor and uniforms, as well as expanding its menu.
Additionally, beginning in May 2015, a new series of advertisements was
launched featuring Darrell Hammond as Colonel Sanders.[37] Subsequently, in a planned rotation of actors, Norm Macdonald, Jim Gaffigan, George Hamilton and Rob Riggle portrayed Sanders in similar ads through the fall of 2016.[38][39][40][41][42]
Operations
A stand-alone KFC drive-through unit located in Australia
,_KFC.JPG)
A KFC restaurant in Al Khor, rural Qatar
KFC world operations as of December 2014
Countries with KFC restaurants
Countries planned to have KFC restaurants
Countries that formerly had KFC restaurants
Countries with KFC restaurants
Countries planned to have KFC restaurants
Countries that formerly had KFC restaurants
KFC is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, one of the largest restaurant companies in the world. KFC had sales of $23 billion in 2013.[3] KFC has its headquarters at 1441 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, Kentucky, in a three-story colonial style building known colloquially as the "White House" due to its resemblance to the US president's home.[43][44] The headquarters contain executive offices and the company's research and development facilities.[45] KFC is incorporated at 1209 North Orange St, Wilmington, Delaware.[46]
KFC Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong.
By December 2013, there were 18,875 KFC outlets in 118 countries and territories around the world.[1] There are 4,563 outlets in China, 4,491 in the United States, and 9,821 across the rest of the world.[1] Outlets are owned by franchisees or directly by the company.[47] Eleven percent of outlets are company owned, with the rest operated by franchise holders.[48] Although capital intensive, company ownership allows for faster expansion of the chain.[49]
Most restaurants are furnished with images of the company founder, Colonel Harland Sanders.[45] As well as dine-in and take-out, many stand-alone KFC outlets offer a drive-through option.[50] KFC offers a limited delivery service in a small number of markets.[50] Units include express concessions and kiosks which feature a limited menu and operated in non-traditional locations such as filling stations, convenience stores, stadia, theme parks and colleges, where a full scale outlet would not be practical.[50] Average annual sales per unit was $1.2 million in 2013.[51] Worldwide, the daily average number of food orders at an outlet is 250, with most occurring within a two-hour peak-period.[52]
As chairman and CEO of Yum!, David C. Novak ultimately has foremost responsibility for KFC operations.[2] Sam Su is chairman and CEO of Yum!'s Chinese operations, and Muktesh Pant is the CEO of KFC.[2] Richard T. Carucci is president of Yum!, and Roger Eaton is the COO of Yum! and the president of KFC.[2]
Africa
The company hopes to expand its African operations, where it is already the regional leader among US fast food chains.[53][54]
The company is slowly expanding across the African continent, opening
70 outlets, but progress has been hampered by sourcing issues, such as a
lack of quality suppliers.[49]
Asia
KFC continues to grow in Asia.
In Malaysia, the first KFC restaurant was opened in 1973 on Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman.[55] There are 609 outlets as of June 2016.[56][57] In 1995, Projek Penyayang KFC was founded in an effort to provide food to more than 150 orphanages every quarter.[55]
In Sri Lanka, KFC was launched in 1995 at Majestic City. There were 25 KFC restaurants in Sri Lanka as of December 2014.[58]
In Singapore,
the first KFC franchise was opened in 1977 along Somerset Road. In
1993, KFC Singapore was the first KFC in Asia to develop and launch the
Zinger burger. KFC restaurants in Singapore are currently owned and
operated by KFC (Malaysia) Holdings Bhd.[59]
In Bangladesh, the first KFC outlet was opened at Gulshan in 2006. As of June 2016, the country is home to 19 KFC outlets.[60][61]
In Myanmar, the first KFC outlet was officially opened on Bogyoke Aung San Road in Yangon in 2015.[63][64]
In Taiwan, KFC entered the market in 1984 and opened its first store in 1985 in Taipei City. The 100th store in Taiwan opened in 1999. It was the second largest fast food chain restaurant in Taiwan until Mos Burger
exceeded the number of branches of KFC in 2008. Now KFC is the third
largest fast food chain restaurant with 137 stores as of 2017.[65]
China
KFC is the largest restaurant chain in China, with 5,003 outlets as of 2015.[66]
They are operated by the Yum! China division. KFC became the first
Western fast food company in China after its first outlet opened in Qianmen, Beijing, in November 1987.[67]
Local food items include rice congee and tree fungus salad, with an average of 50 different menu items per store.[67][68]
In December 2012, the chain faced allegations that some of its suppliers injected antiviral drugs and growth hormones into poultry in ways that violated food safety regulations.[69]
This resulted in the chain severing its relationship with 100
suppliers, and agreeing to "actively co-operate" with a government
investigation into its use of antibiotics.[67] KFC China sales in January 2013 were down 41 percent against the previous year.[70] To counter sluggish sales, the menu was revamped in 2014.[71]
In July 2014, Chinese authorities closed down the Shanghai operations of the OSI Group, amidst allegations that it had supplied KFC with expired meat.[72]
Yum! immediately terminated its contract with the supplier, and stated
that the revelation had led to a "significant [and] negative" decline in
sales.[73]
India
KFC outlet on Middleton Row in Kolkata
There are 350 KFC outlets in India.[66] The company has adapted the standard KFC offerings to Indian tastes[75]
and the menu options in India include the Hot & Crispy Chicken and
Fiery Grilled bucket options, Chicken Zinger Burger, Rice Bowlz, the
more recently launched 5-in-1 Meal Box and a range of shakes called
Krushers.[76]
The business was refranchised in October 2015 after Yum concluded a
year-and-a-half-long exercise to reorganize its business under larger,
well-capitalized franchisees. In this regard, about a third of its
outlets, operated by several of its franchisees, have been sold to a
newly formed entity—Sapphire Foods India Pvt. Ltd. The new entity is
owned by a consortium of four private equity funds, led by Samara
Capital. The other investors are CX Partners, Goldman Sachs Group Inc.
and a fourth fund, said a top executive at the local arm of the American
food company.[77]
The first Indian KFC was a two-storey outlet on the fashionable Brigade Road in Bangalore in June 1995.[78] According to journalist Michael White, the company could not have chosen a "more difficult venue for its maiden entrée into the country".[79] Bangalore housed the headquarters of the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha, one of the most influential, vocal and anti-foreign investment farmers' associations in the country.[79] The first outlet suffered protests from left wing, anti-globalisation and environmental campaigners, as well as local farmers, who objected to the chain bypassing local producers.[80] Many[quantify] Indians were concerned about the onslaught of consumerism, the loss of national self-sufficiency, and the disruption of indigenous traditions.[81] The protests came to a head in August 1995, when the Bangalore outlet was repeatedly ransacked.[78] The KFC outlet in Bangalore demanded, and received, a police van permanently parked outside for a year.[80] The outlet was closed on September 13, 1995 by local authorities, who claimed the company used illegally high amounts of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in its food.[82] The outlet re-opened a few hours later as the result of an appeal by KFC to the Karnataka High Court. The company stated the recipe was no different than that used in any other KFC store.[83] Rural activist M. D. Nanjundaswamy
claimed KFC would adversely affect the health of the impoverished, by
diverting grain from poor people to make the more profitable animal
feed.[84] Environmentalist Maneka Gandhi joined the anti-KFC movement.[84] A second outlet opened in Delhi,
but was closed by the authorities throughout November, purportedly for
health reasons, but more likely to avoid a repetition of the Bangalore
incident.[85] The Delhi outlet soon closed permanently.[86]
KFC began to expand outside of Bangalore in 2004,[87]
with a localized menu that was the most extensive meat-free menu across
the chain's worldwide operations. It introduced a vegetarian menu that
included rice meals, wraps and side dishes and, like McDonald's, served
eggless mayonnaise and sauces. Unnat Varma, marketing director of KFC
India, states "The vegetarian offerings have made the brand more
relevant to a larger section of consumers and that is necessary for
KFC's growth." KFC also began using Indian spices and cooking techniques
to localize its chicken dishes. By 2008–09, KFC operated 34 outlets in
India.[88]
In 2014, KFC launched the "So Veg, So Good" menu as part of an
India-specific promotional strategy focused on enhancing their
vegetarian range. The company has been up to a lot of innovation over
the past few months with the launch of the first-ever no crust, all
chicken KFC Chizza in December 2016.[89] More recently, KFC got Mumbai's dabbawalas
to deliver its newly launched 5-in-1 Meal Boxes. The city's dabbawalas,
famed for their efficient delivery of office lunches, took on the role
of KFC delivery men as part of an innovative marketing campaign. They
supplied specially created 5-in-1 meal boxes to some office-goers
instead of their regular dabbas.[90]
The innovation efforts have continued with the launch of the Watt a
Box, a practical new take on the 5-in-1 Meal Box, which can also charge
phones.[91]
Indonesia
In Indonesia KFC is the largest Western restaurant chain, with 466 outlets as of December 2013.[1][92] The chain has grown to hold an estimated 32 percent market share, and menu items include spaghetti, wraps and chicken porridge.[93] The master franchisee is PT Fastfood Indonesia.[94]
The first outlet opened in Jakarta in 1979.[94] Salim Group,
Indonesia's largest conglomerate, became a major shareholder in 1990,
which provided the company with funds for major expansion.[94] Its master franchisee, PT Fastfood Indonesia, was publicly listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 1993.[94]
Japan
KFC Japan was formed in 1970 as a joint venture between the American parent and the Japanese Mitsubishi Corporation.[95] In December 1974, KFC Japan began to promote fried chicken as a Christmas meal.[96] Eating KFC as a Christmas time meal has since become a widely practiced custom in Japan.[97] As of 2013, Japan is the third-largest market for KFC after China and the United States with 1,200 outlets.[98]
In December 2007, Mitsubishi assumed majority control of KFC Japan in a JP¥ 14.83 billion transaction.[99]
Pakistan
KFC has a presence in eighteen major cities of Pakistan (Karachi,
Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sukkur, Muree etc.) with more
than 65 outlets nationwide. Its first outlet was in Gulshan-e-Iqbal,
Karachi. KFC Pakistan menu consists of burgers, fried chicken, nuggets,
fries, rice dishes and drinks.[100]
Europe
United Kingdom
A KFC in Belfast, Northern Ireland
As of December 2013, there were 784 KFC outlets in the United Kingdom.[1] British turnover was around £684.5 million in 2013, according to Technomic.[101] About 70 percent of outlets are run by franchisees, with the remainder company owned.[102] The company employs 24,000 people.[102] Around 400 sites are drive-through outlets.[102] Average outlet turnover is between £1 and £1.5 million.[102]
Annual sales amount to 60,000 metric tonnes of chicken, 60 percent of which is purchased from the four largest suppliers in the UK, including Faccenda Group[103] and 2 Sisters Food Group,[104][105] and delivered fresh to outlets at least three times a week.[106] The remaining 40 percent is sourced from companies in Europe, Thailand (including Charoen Pokphand Foods) and Brazil.[107] All of the Original Recipe chicken is sourced within the UK.[107]
England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston,
Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant
chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King
and Pizza Hut by almost a decade.[108] Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee.[109] The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968.[110] In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets.[111]
In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce
seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant in the UK in
1984.[112] By 1987 the company had almost 400 outlets.[113]
In May 1997, the "Tower Burger", a fried chicken fillet burger with the addition of a hash brown, was first launched in the United Kingdom.[114] In 2006, the company stopped pre-salting its fries and removed trans fats from its products.[102] In 2012 palm oil was replaced by rapeseed oil in the fryers.[102] Between 2004 and 2014, KFC UK increased its offering of "portable" foods: burgers, wraps and salads.[102] During that period, sales rose from around £500 million to almost £1 billion.[102] In 2012, KFC UK invested £9 million to install ovens in all of its outlets, so that it could offer griddled chicken.[102] In 2013, KFC rolled out Lavazza coffee across all of its UK outlets.[115] As of 2014, KFC UK is trialling serving only halal meat at 96 of its outlets.[116]
Middle East
A KFC in İzmir, Turkey
The first KFC in the Middle East opened in 1973 in Kuwait. Today there are over 700 outlets, certified halal, including the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.[117] KFC Israel existed from 1993 to 2013 and featured kosher restaurants.[118] In 2012 KFC opened in Ramallah in the Palestinian Authority[8] and later expanded to Hebron,[9] Bethlehem,[10] Jenin,[11] and three separate outlets in Ramallah: the Ersal Branch (Bacri), Plaza Mall Branch and Masyoun Branch.[119] In 2013 the New York Times reported that KFC was being smuggled into Gaza through tunnels.[120][121]
North America
A KFC at the Promenade in Thornhill, Ontario, Canada
United States
A co-branded KFC-Taco Bell in Oscoda, Michigan
KFC sales in the United States in 2013 were estimated at $4.22 billion by Technomic.[122]
The basic model for KFC in the United States, not necessarily
duplicated elsewhere, is a focus on low prices, a limited menu (29 items
on average) and an emphasis on takeout.[48] A "very strong percentage" of sales come from African American customers.[123] Many KFC locations are co-located with either Taco Bell or Pizza Hut, or other Yum! restaurants.[50] When Yum! owned Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants, these brands were often co-branded with KFC as well.[124] Often these locations behave like a single restaurant, offering one menu with food items from both restaurant brands.[125]
In 2003, there were 354 KFC-Taco Bell combines, offering the full KFC
menu and Taco Bell items, and 13 units offering the full KFC menu and a
limited number of Pizza Hut items.[50] The concept originated in 1991, when a KFC-Taco Bell combination opened in Virginia.[22]
Some locations were also opened as combinations of KFC, Taco Bell and
Pizza Hut, but this failed to catch on, and Yum! CEO David Novak blamed a
lack of franchisee commitment for its lack of success.[126]
Initially, Sanders and KFC used hydrogenated vegetable oil for frying, but in the 1980s the company began to switch to cheaper oils such as palm or soybean.[127][128] In the 2000s it became apparent that these oils contain relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. By April 2007, the chain had switched to trans fat-free soybean oil in all of its US outlets.[129]
In 2008, Novak credited low US sales as being the result of a lack of new ideas and menu items.[130] The Spring 2009 launch of Kentucky Grilled Chicken only resulted in a temporary halt to the sales decline.[131] In 2010 KFC announced a turnaround plan that included improving restaurant operations, introducing value items and providing healthier menu options.[131] In the same year, Advertising Age noted that KFC was losing market share to its smaller chicken restaurant rival, Chick-fil-A.[132] In 2011 Bloomberg News referred to KFC US as "an also-ran to McDonald's Corp".[133] In 2012, Forbes
magazine described how many of the KFC outlets were "aged and
uninviting", and that the chain "hasn't introduced an exciting new food
item in ages".[134]
KFC was described in 2012 by Bloomberg Businessweek
as a "muscular player" in developing regions, specifically Africa,
China and India, while noting its falling market share in the US to
rivals such as Chick-fil-A and Popeyes.[135] Some analysts speculated that KFC would begin spinning off its ailing US operations.[135]
That year, the company began divesting control of company-owned US
restaurants to franchised operations, with the intention of reducing
overall company ownership from 35 percent to 5 percent.[135]
Oceania
A KFC outlet in Derwent Park, a northern suburb of Hobart, Australia.
There are over 600 KFC outlets in Australia, and around 100 in New Zealand.[98] KFC was the first American style fast food chain to open in both countries.[136] In 2013, KFC reported an annual turnover of almost 2 billion AUD for its Australia and New Zealand operations.[137]
Australia
Yum! directly operates 160 KFC outlets in Australia.[137] The largest of the 53 independent franchisees in Australia is Collins Foods, which operates 169 stores.[137][138] KFC's major poultry suppliers in Australia are Inghams, Steggles and Turi Foods.[137]
The first Australian KFC was opened in 1968 in Guildford, a suburb of Sydney.[139] The franchise was owned by a Canadian entrepreneur called Bob Lapointe.[140] Between 1970 and 1971, 75 outlets were opened.[140] This had a major impact on Australian chicken production, which increased by 38 percent during the period.[140] By 1995 there were 452 outlets, and the company employed 12,000 staff.[139] That year, Australia produced 35 percent of KFC's international earnings.[139]
New Zealand
The first KFC opened in New Zealand in 1971 at Royal Oak, a suburb of Auckland.[141] By 1980 there were 37 outlets.[136] In 1989, PepsiCo acquired the 50 percent stake in KFC New Zealand that it did not already own from the local Goodman Fielder conglomerate.[141] In 1991 New Zealand turnover topped 100 million NZD for the first time.[141]
Products
KFC shrimp burger in KFC Vietnam, 2007
Hot Wings menu set in KFC Berlin
,_Hot_Wings_fried_chicken.jpg)
KFC Hot Wings fried chicken in KFC Malaysia.
KFC's core product offering is pressure fried, on-the-bone chicken pieces seasoned with Colonel Harland Sanders' "Original Recipe" of 11 herbs and spices.[142]
The product is typically available in either two or three piece
individual servings, or in a family size cardboard bucket, typically
holding between 6 and 16 chicken pieces. Poultry is divided into 9
different cuts (2 drumsticks, 2 thighs, 2 wings, 1 keel, and a backbone-based breast cut divided into 2 pieces).[143] The product is hand-breaded at individual KFC outlets with wheat flour mixed with seasoning in a two- to four-minute process.[52][137]
KFC Breakfast Coffee Cup in KFC Dhaka
It is then pressure fried for between seven and ten minutes (the timing differs between countries) in oil at 185 degrees Celsius.[52][144][145]
Following this, the chicken is left to stand for 5 minutes in order for
it to sufficiently cool before it is placed in the warming oven.[52] It is KFC policy to discard chicken if it has not been sold within 90 minutes, in order to ensure freshness.[52] The frying oil varies regionally, and versions used include sunflower, soybean, rapeseed and palm oil.[49]
A KFC executive stated that the taste of the chicken will vary between
regions depending on the oil variety used, and whether the chicken has
been corn-fed or wheat-fed.[49]
As well as its core chicken on the bone offering, KFC's major
products include chicken burgers (including the Zinger and the Tower
burgers); wraps ("Twisters" and "Boxmasters"); and a variety of finger foods, including crispy chicken strips and hot wings.[146][147] Popcorn Chicken is one of the most widely available KFC products, and consists of small pieces of fried chicken.[148] In some locations, chicken nuggets are also sold.[149]
KFC adapts its menu internationally to suit regional tastes, and there are over three hundred KFC menu items worldwide.[48] Some locations, such as the UK and the US, sell grilled chicken.[150][151] In predominantly Islamic countries, the chicken served is halal.[52] In Asia there is a preference for spicy foods, such as the Zinger chicken burger.[152] Some locations in the US sell fried chicken livers and gizzards.[153] A small number of US outlets offer an all-you-can-eat buffet option with a limited menu.[154]
In multiracial Malaysian markets, KFC also has different limited-time
products to cater to different festive seasons such as Ayam Kicap
Meletup for Eid al-Fitr seasons and Golden Treasures for Chinese New Year in 2015.
A number of territories, such as Japan, Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados, Ecuador and Singapore sell fried seafood products under the "Colonel's Catch" banner.[155] In Jamaica, what was originally a seasonal offering for the Lent period was expanded to a year-round offering from 2010.[156]
Value menu items are sold under the "Streetwise" name in locations such as Canada.[157] Side dishes often include French fries, coleslaw, barbecue baked beans, corn on the cob, mashed potato, bread rolls and American biscuits.[158][159] Salads include the bean salad, the Caesar salad and the garden salad.[160] In a number of territories, KFC sell onion rings.[161] In Asia, rice based side dishes such as congee are often sold.[67] In Malaysia, chicken meatball soup is sold. In the US and Greece, potato wedges are sold instead of French fries.[162]
McCormick & Company is KFC's largest supplier of sauces, seasonings and marinades, and is a long-term partner in new product development.[137]
Due to the company's previous relationship with PepsiCo, most
territories supply PepsiCo products, but exceptional territories include
Barbados, Greece, New Zealand, the Philippines, Romania, South Africa,
and Turkey, which stock drinks supplied by The Coca-Cola Company, and Aruba, which stocks RC Cola from the Cott Corporation.[163][164][165][166] In Peru, the locally popular Inca Kola is sold.[167] In a number of Eastern European locations and Portugal, beer is offered, in addition to soft drinks.[168][169][170]
Launched in 2009, the Krusher/Krushem range of frozen beverages containing "real bits" such as Kit Kat, Oreo and strawberry shortcake, is available in over 2,000 outlets.[171] Egg custard tart is a popular dessert worldwide, but other items include ice cream sundaes and tres leches cake in Peru.[172]
In 2012, the "KFC am" breakfast menu began to be rolled out internationally, including such items as pancakes, waffles and porridge, as well as fried chicken.[173][174]
11 herbs and spices
KFC Original Recipe fried chicken
Sanders' Original Recipe of "11 herbs and spices" is one of the most famous trade secrets in the catering industry.[175][176] The recipe is not patented,
because patent law requires public disclosure of an invention and
provides protection only for a strictly limited term, whereas trade
secrets can remain the intellectual property of their holders in perpetuity.[177]
A copy of the recipe, signed by Sanders, is held inside a safe inside
a vault in KFC's Louisville headquarters, along with eleven vials
containing the herbs and spices.[135][178] To maintain the secrecy of the recipe, half of it is produced by Griffith Laboratories before it is given to McCormick, who add the second half.[179]
In 1999, a couple who bought the house formerly occupied by Colonel
Sanders found scribbled notes of purportedly the secret recipe.
Initially KFC wanted to file a lawsuit against the couple to stop an
auction of the notes, but by early 2001, it dropped the lawsuit,
claiming the scribbled notes are "nowhere close" to the original recipe.[180]
Joe Ledington of Kentucky, a nephew by marriage of Colonel Sanders,
claimed to have found a copy of the original KFC fried chicken recipe on
a handwritten piece of paper in an envelope in a scrapbook. In August
2016, Chicago Tribune staffers conducted a cooking test of this recipe and claimed after a few attempts that, with the addition of MSG flavor-enhancer, Ac'cent, they produced fried chicken which tasted "indistinguishable" from the chicken they purchased at KFC.[181]
Equipment
KFC initially used stove-top covered cooking pots to fry its chicken.[182]
In the 1960s, the officially recommended model was the L S Hartzog
developed "KFC 20-Head Cooker", a large device that cost $16,000.[183]
The Hartzog model had no oil filtration system, meaning that filtering
had to be done manually, and the pressure fryers occasionally exploded,
often causing harm to employees.[182] In 1969, inventor and engineer Winston L. Shelton
developed the "Collectramatic" pressurized fryer to overcome the
problems KFC faced in quickly frying chicken to meet growing customer
demand. The Collectramatic used precision time and temperature controls
and self-filtered the cooking oil – all while meeting Colonel Sanders’
legendary high quality standards.[182]
Fred Jeffries, then vice president of purchasing at KFC, claimed that
the invention helped fuel the company's rapid expansion and success:
There's no way it (KFC) could have grown like it did without the Collectramatic. Stores were doing about $200,000 a year in sales on average with the pots . . . but they could never have done the $900,000 a year it became without Win's fryer. He (Shelton) helped set the stage for that with true engineering thinking.[182]
Although a number of franchisees bought the Collectramatic, which had
the support of Colonel Sanders from 1970 onwards, John Y. Brown had
given tacit approval to franchisees to exclusively use the older L S
Hartzog fryer, saying "Though those old pots were damn dangerous, at
least we knew they worked! I was mostly afraid these new fryers would
break down in the middle of business."[182] Brown warned franchisees that they were in violation of their contract if they used the Collectramatic.[182] Brown held his ground on the issue until he learned that his father, John Y. Brown Sr., who owned multiple KFC franchises, was successfully using the Collectramatic in every franchise he owned.[182] The issue was eventually resolved after Heublein purchased KFC, acquired Hartzog and nullified the contract.[183] The Collectramatic has been an approved pressure fryer for KFC from 1972 onwards.[183]
Advertising
Colonel Sanders was a key component of KFC advertising until his
death in 1980. Despite his death, Sanders remains a key icon of the
company as an "international symbol of hospitality".[184]
Early official slogans for the company included "North America's
Hospitality Dish" (from 1956) and "We fix Sunday dinner seven nights a
week".[185][186] The "finger lickin' good" slogan was used from 1956, and went on to become one of the best-known slogans of the 20th century.[187] The trademark expired in the US in 2006.[188] The first KFC logo was introduced in 1952 and featured a "Kentucky Fried Chicken" typeface and a logo of the Colonel.[189]
Advertising played a key role at KFC after it was sold by Sanders,
and the company began to advertise on US television with a budget of
US$4 million in 1966.[190]
In order to fund nationwide advertising campaigns, the Kentucky Fried
Chicken Advertising Co-Op was established, giving franchisees ten votes
and the company three when deciding on budgets and campaigns. In 1969,
KFC hired its first national advertising agency, Leo Burnett.[22] A notable Burnett campaign in 1972 was the "Get a bucket of chicken, have a barrel of fun" jingle, performed by Barry Manilow.[22] By 1976 KFC was one of the largest advertisers in the US.[191]
Controversies and criticism
Since the beginning of the 21st century, fast food has been criticized for its animal welfare record, its links to obesity and its environmental impact.[192] Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation (2002) and Morgan Spurlock's film Super Size Me (2004) reflected these concerns.[21] Since 2003, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has protested KFC's choice of poultry suppliers worldwide.[193] The exception is KFC Canada, which signed an agreement pledging to only use "animal friendly" suppliers.[194]
PETA have held thousands of demonstrations, sometimes in the home towns
of KFC executives, and CEO David Novak was notably soaked in fake blood
by a protester.[194]
President of KFC's US division Gregg Dedrick said PETA mischaracterized
KFC as a poultry producer rather than a purchaser of chickens.[195]
In 2008, Yum! stated: "[As] a major purchaser of food products, [Yum!]
has the opportunity and responsibility to influence the way animals
supplied to us are treated. We take that responsibility very seriously,
and we are monitoring our suppliers on an ongoing basis."[196]
In 2006, Greenpeace accused KFC Europe of sourcing the soya bean for its chicken feed from Cargill, which had been accused of clearing large swathes of the Amazon rainforest in order to grow the crop.[197]
In 2010, the Australian arm of KFC was accused of racial insensitivity over a television commercial showing an outnumbered white cricket fan handing out pieces of fried chicken to appease a dancing, drumming and singing group of black West Indies
supporters. The clip found its way around the world on the internet,
prompting stinging criticism in the United States where fried chicken
remains closely associated with long-standing racist stereotypes about
black people in the once segregated south.[198]
Protesters demonstrating outside a KFC restaurant in Royal Oak, Michigan
In May 2012, Greenpeace accused KFC of sourcing paper pulp for its food packaging from Indonesian rainforest wood.[199]
Independent forensic tests showed that some packaging contained more
than 50 percent mixed tropical hardwood fiber, sourced from Asia Pulp & Paper (APP).[200][201]
APP said such fiber can be found in recycled paper, or: "It can also
come from tree residues that are cleared, after a forest area has become
degraded, logged-over or burned, as part of a sustainable development
plan. APP has strict policies and practices in place to ensure that only
residues from legal plantation development on degraded or logged-over
forest areas and sustainable wood fiber enters the production supply
chain."[200]
KFC said: "From a global perspective, 60 percent of the paper products
that Yum! (our parent company) sources are from sustainable sources. Our
suppliers are working towards making it 100 percent."[199]
In December 2012, the chain was criticized in China when it was discovered that a number of KFC suppliers had been using growth hormones and an excessive amount of antibiotics on its poultry in ways that violated Chinese law.[202]
In February 2013, Yum! CEO David Novak admitted that the scandal had
been "longer lasting and more impactful than we ever imagined."[202]
The issue is of major concern to Yum!, which earns almost half of its
profits from China, largely through the KFC brand. In March 2013, Yum!
reported that sales had rebounded in February, but that lower sales in
December and January would result in a decline in same-store sales of 20
percent in the first quarter.[203]
In 2017 KFC was fined £950,000 after two workers were scalded by
boiling hot gravy. The company admitted to charges of failing in a duty
of care to employees, and was ordered by Teesside Crown Court to pay
fines of £800,000 and £150,000.[204]
In 2017 KFC paid 500,000 HUF (~1900 USD) to a charity chosen by a
journalist, who was beaten by the security guard of a KFC in Budapest,
Hungary.[205]
KFC reacted professionally, fired the security guard and paid the
requested amount, that the journalist offered to charities. Protests
broke out in front of this Hungarian KFC and the bad publicity pressured
KFC to act.
See also
- Cuisine of the Southern United States
- List of fast-food chicken restaurants
- List of fast food restaurant chains
- List of major employers in Louisville, Kentucky
References
As of year end 2015, KFC had 5,003 units in China, 372 units in India and 14,577 units within the KFC Division.
- Szabo, Zoltan (October 16, 2017). "Hungarian journalist, Zoltan Szabo, was beaten by KFC security guard". Archived from the original on
|archive-url=requires|archive-date=(help).
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kentucky Fried Chicken. |
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America. |
Categories:
- KFC
- Chicken chains of the United States
- Fast-food chains of the United States
- Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
- Multinational food companies
- Companies based in Louisville, Kentucky
- Restaurants in Louisville, Kentucky
- Restaurants established in 1930
- 1930 establishments in Kentucky
- Kentucky cuisine
- Laurel County, Kentucky
- South Salt Lake, Utah
- Yum! Brands
- American companies established in 1930
- Fast-food poultry restaurants
Yum's multibranded stores have two illuminated logos, but they function as one restaurant. They have combined kitchens, a single line of cashiers and a staff trained to prepare both sets of menu items.
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