Facing high start-up costs for his suckling pig business in Bogotá, Diego Bedoya followed the advice of his creditor. He used his animals, food, medicine, tools, and equipment as collateral, so he could begin producing and earning money. “So, how do I pay for the credit? I use my product to pay them.”
The micro-entrepreneur benefits from a collateral registry in Colombia allowing businesses to register moveable assets such as machinery or even their own products as collateral. More than 1.3 million such assets were registered between March 2014 and October 2016 backing loans from lenders, including some of the country’s largest banks. One-fourth backed credit to micro, small, and medium enterprises.
Between June 2, 2017, and May 1 this year, 128 governments introduced a record 314 reforms benefitting small and medium business and entrepreneurs, enabling job creation, and stimulating private investment.
These reforms are tracked – and inspired – by the World Bank Group’s Doing Business Index ranking 190 countries on the ease of doing business within their borders.
“Governments have the enormous task of fostering an environment where entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprises can thrive,” said World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim. “Sound and efficient business regulations are critical for entrepreneurship and a thriving private sector. Without them, we have no chance to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity around the world.”
Nurturing entrepreneurs
The buy-in for Doing Business was slow to come in many corners of the world after it launched in 2003. The annual ranking has become increasingly influential, as evidenced by the accelerating pace of business regulation reforms in every region.
- 4 of the 10 top improvers—Afghanistan, Djibouti, Côte d’Ivoire and Togo—are countries suffering from fragility, conflict and violence
- One-third of all business regulatory reforms were in the economies of Sub-Saharan Africa—a total of 107 reforms and a record for the region
- 2 countries from Eastern Europe and Central Asia made the top 10: FYR Macedonia in 10th and Georgia, edging up two spots to 6th
- Brazil recorded the largest score improvement in Latin America and the Caribbean, reforming in four areas.
- United Arab Emirates entered the top 20 in 11th place.
- China, one of this year’s top 10 improvers, advanced more than 30 spots to 46th place in the global rankings.
- India became South Asia’s top-ranked economy, advancing 23 spots to 77th place in the global ranking.
“This year’s results clearly demonstrate government commitment in many economies, large and small, to nurture entrepreneurship and private enterprise,” said Rita Ramalho, Senior Manager of the World Bank’s Global Indicators Group, which produces the report.
“In addition, there is a wide range of countries reforming this year – it’s more universal. No one questions that these things are important any more, such as the need for a simple process to start a business.”
In the last two or three years, “all the large emerging markets – such as China, India, Nigeria, South Africa, Indonesia, Russia – have taken on this agenda,” said Sylvia Solf, head of the World Bank Group’s Reform Advisory Unit, which advises governments on ways to improve the business environment. “The fact that they are doing this is groundbreaking.”
Making it easier to do business
By putting the perspective of a small, domestic company at the center of its analysis, Doing Business was revolutionary, said Solf. The index measures reforms in 11 areas: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency, and labor market regulation.
The most popular reform is making it easier to start a business. More than a quarter of economies did just that in 2017/18. It now takes an average of 20 days and costs 23% of income per capita to start a business, compared to 47 days and 76% of income per capita in 2006. Thirteen of the top 20 economies have at least one procedure that can be completed online in half a day.
Georgia –an early adopter of Doing Business and the second biggest reformer (after Rwanda) – has cut the amount of time to start a business to 2 days. To streamline business registration, the government launched the first Public Service Hall in 2011 – a one-stop-shop of government services. Today, 19 Public Service Halls process clearances for multiple agencies, with the option of online payments by credit card.
Obtaining documents is now a simple process for entrepreneurs like Vakhtang Kajrishvili, founder of Tbilisi-based Badagi, a company producing a traditional candy called churchkhelas. “We quickly and easily obtained every necessary document.”
Vakhtang Kajrishvili. © Photo courtesy of Kajrishvili
Kajrishvili started with one employee and now has seven shops selling a variety of Georgian products, as well as eight dedicated stalls in a supermarket chain. A recent surge in tourism has made a ‘big difference” to his business and he is eyeing European Union markets. With financing from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Ministry of Agriculture, he is building a factory for processing fruit.
“The biggest challenge now is maintaining high quality within production,” he said. “Soon we will have a Euro standard factory.”
Insights from the biggest reformer, Rwanda
Economies that do well in Doing Business generally have a strong e-government to deliver services to citizens and firms. E-government also cuts red tape and reduces corruption, said Ramalho.
Strong leadership was key to reforms in Rwanda, Georgia, and Colombia – the first countries to be inspired by Doing Business to reform their regulations. Rwanda and Georgia are the first and second biggest reformers in the history of Doing Business, and Rwanda was again a top reformer this year.
“You need to have strong leadership in a sustained and broad way,” said Ramalho. “Doing Business reforms tend to span across government. It’s important to have leadership at the top saying we need to do this.”
In Rwanda, there was consensus in the years following the genocide and civil war that the private sector must be the key driver of economic transformation. The government set out to create an environment that would enable businesses and investments to thrive, said Louise Kanyonga, Head of the Rwanda Development Board's Strategy and Competitiveness Department.
“Rwanda has adopted a very bold and ambitious approach to reforming its business environment,” she said. “We benchmark ourselves against the best performers in the world and we think big.”
She said Doing Business inspired reforms in key areas:
- Registering property: The reform with the biggest impact. Rwanda completely overhauled the land system to establish property rights and digitized the land registry.
- Starting a business: Business registrations more than doubled after introducing electronic online business registration. Rwanda has reduced the amount of time needed to start a business from 43 days to a mere 4 days today.
- Getting credit: Modern secured transactions laws offering strong protections to secured creditors have increased confidence among lenders and expanded access to finance
- Paying taxes: Simplified tax systems and regulatory reforms increased tax compliance and resulted in higher tax revenues.
Kimironko market in Kigali, Rwanda. © Sarine Arslanian/Shutterstock
The small, landlocked African nation has become one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, with a rapidly urbanizing middle class. Kanyonga said private investments have grown by 60% over the last 8 years, and foreign direct investment alone has grown by close to 40%.
Yet there is still much to do.
Rwanda now needs to position itself as a future-ready economy that can compete on the global stage, she said.
“We need to ensure that we are equipping our people with the skills for the future and increasing the adoption of technology and innovation among our firms.”
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