How ISIS Could Destroy Myanmar
This is the first in a series of political risk and prediction blog posts derived from Dr Aziz’s upcoming political comic book, The Global Kid (note: 100% of sales will go to global education non-profits that help youth reach their potential).
Myanmar is not currently on ISIS’ target list - it does not feature in the group’s five-year plan to conquer parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. And though other Islamist extremist groups like the Afghan Taliban, al-Shabaab and the Pakistani Taliban have recurrently vowed jihad over the Buddhist-led violence against Muslim minorities in the country, there hasn’t been much reaction from ISIS. But very unfortunately, things may be changing. A recent report suggests ISIS may now be looking to recruit from the historically persecuted Rohingya Muslim minority, some of whom are still desperately fleeing Myanmar to live as refugees in neighboring countries.
If this recruitment happens, this could lead to the unravelling of this newly democratic country and its much-lauded reforms since 2012. Current concerns about the legitimacy of Myanmar’s November 8 election (in which democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi is still not eligible to run) will pale in comparison to the risk factor posed by ISIS. In fact, it could serve as the final nail in the coffin that leads to Muslim genocide at the hands of Buddhist extremists.
WHAT DOES MYANMAR THINK ABOUT THE ROHINGYAS?
There’s nothing to debate about the fact that Burmese government officials (and most of the majority Buddhist population, except for some youth and activists) simply do not care for the Rohingya Muslim minority. These people do not belong to one of the 135 distinct ethnic groups or 8 major national ethnic races in the country; they have no citizenship; they have very few job opportunities (except for forced hard labor); and more than 140,000 of the 1.3 million now live in disease-ridden camps on the border. Back in 2012, President Thein Sein even publicly remarked that the solution to dealing with this Muslim minority was to simply exile them to a UN-run camp in another country.
Fast forward to 2015 and the Rohingya are in fact offered voting rights, due to international pressure. Progress, right? Not really - it only lasted one day, due to local pressure from Buddhist extremists. It’s not surprising that some Rohingyas say they feel “just being Muslim is like a crime“ in Myanmar. Many have fled the country but in some cases only to live in equally poor conditions (note: in Bangladesh, Rohingya refugees may be relocated to a flooded island; in Malaysia, the government has “no plans“ to allow them to work; in Thailand, many have been beaten, raped or abused). Most Rohingyas in Myanmar and regionally clearly have few sources of support - which is why ISIS has declared this vulnerable group as a potential recruitment pool.
WHAT ISIS COULD OFFER POTENTIAL ROHINGYA RECRUITS
Well, it’s obvious. Think about what ISIS and other terrorist groups have offered recruits globally in recent years. In some cases, it was a salary - consider 21-year old Pakistani Ajmal Amir Kasab, the chronically unemployed villager who went on to earn $1250 for his role in the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks. For others, it was about finally having rights - think of the debt-ridden peasants and tenants who were so poorly treated by their feudal landlords that during the 2010 floods many were easily recruited by the Pakistani Taliban. And for others it was just about the ideology which was more appealing than what was on offer in their existing society - think of the young girls who have been recruited by ISIS to be Jihadi brides, from Quebec, Canada, to Bradford, UK, in the past year.
Now consider the Rohingyas who lack the sufficient means to earn a salary, have no rights and don’t have a real sense of belonging anywhere - thanks to Myanmar’s government and other regional countries where they’re generally unwelcome. If just one Rohingya is recruited by ISIS for any of these reasons, sectarian violence will rapidly escalate in this nascent democracy. It will give Buddhist extremists like Ashin Wirathu, often referred to as the Burmese bin Laden, even more ammunition to attack Rohingyas and could even serve as the tipping point leading to Muslim genocide. Let’s not forget that the first four stages of genocide - stigmatisation, harassment, isolation and systemic weakening - have already occurred in Myanmar. ISIS’ recruitment of just one Rohingya could spark the fifth stage - mass annihilation.
WHAT WE CAN DO NOW TO AVOID THIS BLEAK FUTURE
We know the steps the government should take to eradicate anti-Rohingya violence in Myanmar and prevent potential ISIS recruitment from this minority group.
Step 1) Bring back Rohingyas who have fled to other countries in the region.
Step 2) Make all Rohingyas citizens of Myanmar, also giving them voting rights.
Step 3) Give all Rohingyas opportunities in education and jobs so they can be productive members of society and help with the ongoing democratic transition.
It’s completely obvious and yet sadly quite impossible. The reality is none of these steps can be taken until the historically entrenched anti-Muslim/Rohingya sentiment that persists among the majority Buddhist population, including in government and military, somehow disappears. Let’s not forget the power of Buddhist extremists over government, which is still somewhat of an enigma (e.g. on July 7, Buddhist monks objected to a new real estate project near the Shwedagon Pagoda and the government quickly scrapped the plan).
So the more realistic first step is to understand why this Muslim minority is so hated, not just by Buddhist extremists, but even the average citizen. Historians have explained it as a response to British colonialism. But what about today? Foreign governments, universities and/or international organizations need to commission studies on why such hatred has now surfaced in such a significant way. Let’s put some academic experts and ambitious PhD students to work.
And then let’s consider how some kind of public communication program could be launched to counter such negative sentiment, so the largely Buddhist population can start seeing Rohingyas as compatriots - not Bengali aliens. (Note: there are small numbers of youth who have already started a multi-religious Twitter and Facebook campaign called “My Friend” to show how Buddhist-Muslim friendships in Myanmar are possible).
THE BOTTOM LINE
If just one Rohingya is recruited by ISIS, Myanmar’s internal sectarian crisis and regional refugee crisis will only get worse. The country’s Buddhist extremists will only find more reason to attack the Rohingyas (and other Muslim minorities). And this will only give more legitimacy to the global anti-Islamist pact these monks created last September with their Buddhist counterpart in Sri Lanka. Buddhist extremism will likely then spread deeper into these countries and regionally, potentially paving the way for a battle between Buddhist and Islamist extremists in the coming years.
Oh Myanmar, we are rooting for you.
Myanmar is not currently on ISIS’ target list - it does not feature in the group’s five-year plan to conquer parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. And though other Islamist extremist groups like the Afghan Taliban, al-Shabaab and the Pakistani Taliban have recurrently vowed jihad over the Buddhist-led violence against Muslim minorities in the country, there hasn’t been much reaction from ISIS. But very unfortunately, things may be changing. A recent report suggests ISIS may now be looking to recruit from the historically persecuted Rohingya Muslim minority, some of whom are still desperately fleeing Myanmar to live as refugees in neighboring countries.
If this recruitment happens, this could lead to the unravelling of this newly democratic country and its much-lauded reforms since 2012. Current concerns about the legitimacy of Myanmar’s November 8 election (in which democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi is still not eligible to run) will pale in comparison to the risk factor posed by ISIS. In fact, it could serve as the final nail in the coffin that leads to Muslim genocide at the hands of Buddhist extremists.
WHAT DOES MYANMAR THINK ABOUT THE ROHINGYAS?
There’s nothing to debate about the fact that Burmese government officials (and most of the majority Buddhist population, except for some youth and activists) simply do not care for the Rohingya Muslim minority. These people do not belong to one of the 135 distinct ethnic groups or 8 major national ethnic races in the country; they have no citizenship; they have very few job opportunities (except for forced hard labor); and more than 140,000 of the 1.3 million now live in disease-ridden camps on the border. Back in 2012, President Thein Sein even publicly remarked that the solution to dealing with this Muslim minority was to simply exile them to a UN-run camp in another country.
Fast forward to 2015 and the Rohingya are in fact offered voting rights, due to international pressure. Progress, right? Not really - it only lasted one day, due to local pressure from Buddhist extremists. It’s not surprising that some Rohingyas say they feel “just being Muslim is like a crime“ in Myanmar. Many have fled the country but in some cases only to live in equally poor conditions (note: in Bangladesh, Rohingya refugees may be relocated to a flooded island; in Malaysia, the government has “no plans“ to allow them to work; in Thailand, many have been beaten, raped or abused). Most Rohingyas in Myanmar and regionally clearly have few sources of support - which is why ISIS has declared this vulnerable group as a potential recruitment pool.
WHAT ISIS COULD OFFER POTENTIAL ROHINGYA RECRUITS
Well, it’s obvious. Think about what ISIS and other terrorist groups have offered recruits globally in recent years. In some cases, it was a salary - consider 21-year old Pakistani Ajmal Amir Kasab, the chronically unemployed villager who went on to earn $1250 for his role in the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks. For others, it was about finally having rights - think of the debt-ridden peasants and tenants who were so poorly treated by their feudal landlords that during the 2010 floods many were easily recruited by the Pakistani Taliban. And for others it was just about the ideology which was more appealing than what was on offer in their existing society - think of the young girls who have been recruited by ISIS to be Jihadi brides, from Quebec, Canada, to Bradford, UK, in the past year.
Now consider the Rohingyas who lack the sufficient means to earn a salary, have no rights and don’t have a real sense of belonging anywhere - thanks to Myanmar’s government and other regional countries where they’re generally unwelcome. If just one Rohingya is recruited by ISIS for any of these reasons, sectarian violence will rapidly escalate in this nascent democracy. It will give Buddhist extremists like Ashin Wirathu, often referred to as the Burmese bin Laden, even more ammunition to attack Rohingyas and could even serve as the tipping point leading to Muslim genocide. Let’s not forget that the first four stages of genocide - stigmatisation, harassment, isolation and systemic weakening - have already occurred in Myanmar. ISIS’ recruitment of just one Rohingya could spark the fifth stage - mass annihilation.
WHAT WE CAN DO NOW TO AVOID THIS BLEAK FUTURE
We know the steps the government should take to eradicate anti-Rohingya violence in Myanmar and prevent potential ISIS recruitment from this minority group.
Step 1) Bring back Rohingyas who have fled to other countries in the region.
Step 2) Make all Rohingyas citizens of Myanmar, also giving them voting rights.
Step 3) Give all Rohingyas opportunities in education and jobs so they can be productive members of society and help with the ongoing democratic transition.
It’s completely obvious and yet sadly quite impossible. The reality is none of these steps can be taken until the historically entrenched anti-Muslim/Rohingya sentiment that persists among the majority Buddhist population, including in government and military, somehow disappears. Let’s not forget the power of Buddhist extremists over government, which is still somewhat of an enigma (e.g. on July 7, Buddhist monks objected to a new real estate project near the Shwedagon Pagoda and the government quickly scrapped the plan).
So the more realistic first step is to understand why this Muslim minority is so hated, not just by Buddhist extremists, but even the average citizen. Historians have explained it as a response to British colonialism. But what about today? Foreign governments, universities and/or international organizations need to commission studies on why such hatred has now surfaced in such a significant way. Let’s put some academic experts and ambitious PhD students to work.
And then let’s consider how some kind of public communication program could be launched to counter such negative sentiment, so the largely Buddhist population can start seeing Rohingyas as compatriots - not Bengali aliens. (Note: there are small numbers of youth who have already started a multi-religious Twitter and Facebook campaign called “My Friend” to show how Buddhist-Muslim friendships in Myanmar are possible).
THE BOTTOM LINE
If just one Rohingya is recruited by ISIS, Myanmar’s internal sectarian crisis and regional refugee crisis will only get worse. The country’s Buddhist extremists will only find more reason to attack the Rohingyas (and other Muslim minorities). And this will only give more legitimacy to the global anti-Islamist pact these monks created last September with their Buddhist counterpart in Sri Lanka. Buddhist extremism will likely then spread deeper into these countries and regionally, potentially paving the way for a battle between Buddhist and Islamist extremists in the coming years.
Oh Myanmar, we are rooting for you.
Jihadists seek to open new front in Burma
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A group of “mujahideen” training in Burma. Image from Kavkaz Center.
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“A brigade of Mujahedeen from Burma, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan under the leadership of Abu Safiya and Abu Arif reached Burma,” according to a statement released at Kavkaz Center, a propaganda arm of the al Qaeda-linked Islamic Caucasus Emirate.
The statement was accompanied by nine photographs of members of the brigade. The jihadists are dressed in military fatigues and most are wearing green headbands. The men are armed with AK-47 assault rifles and PKM machine guns. The men are seen marching in formation, training with their weapons, and praying. Scores of fighters appear together in some of the pictures.
The photographs were originally published at Arrahmah.com, an Indonesian website that glorifies jihad in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Indonesia, and in other theaters.
The group claims it killed 17 Burmese soldiers in its first ambush of a military convoy, and “a few days ago they slaughtered three men including a Buddhist monk.” The claims could not be confirmed.
The statement at Kavkaz also noted that Abu Bakar Bashir, the spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiyah who is currently serving a jail sentence for forming an al Qaeda branch in Indonesia, called for Muslims to wage jihad against the Burmese government.
“By the will of Allah, we can destroy you and your people like Russia, the socialist-communist country, or like America that will be destroyed soon,” Bashir threatened in a letter to the president of Burma.
The Burmese branch of Pakistan’s Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami
Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami, a Pakistani terror group closely tied to al Qaeda, operates a branch that is active in Burma. Known as Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Arakan, the group was founded by Maulana Abdul Quddus, a Burmese Muslim who fled to Pakistan sometime in the early 1980s, according to Amir Rana, the author of A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan.
Quddus said he fought the Russians in Afghanistan in the 1980s after settling in Karachi and joining Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami.
“The Afghan war started while I was studying and I went many times to Afghanistan at the behest of Harakat ul-Jihad-e-Islami and had the honor of participating in jihad,” he said in an interview in 1998. “I stayed in Afghanistan from 1982 to 1988.”
He formed Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Arakan in 1988. The goal was to liberate the Muslim-dominated Burmese state of Rakhine, which was formerly known as Arakan.
Quddus and his Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Arakan are based in Korangi Town in Karachi, Pakistan. The group has an extensive network of madrassas and charities.
Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami, the parent organization, is closely tied to al Qaeda, and its Brigade 313 serves as al Qaeda’s military arm in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Ilyas Kashmiri, the former emir of Brigade 313 who was killed in a US drone strike in June 2011, also served as a member of al Qaeda’s military committee.
Terror groups call for jihad in Burma
As tensions between Rohingya Muslims in Burma and the government have escalated over the past several years, calls for jihad in the South Asia country from numerous jihadist groups have increased.
One of the most blatant calls for Muslims to wage jihad in Burma came from a senior cleric and spokesman from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Abu Dher Azzam, who is also known as Abu Dher al Burmi. In the statement, which was released on Nov. 28, 2012 and was obtained and translated by the SITE Intelligence Group, Azzam assailed the Burmese government and accused China and Germany of supporting “these massacres and this genocide” in Burma.
“Rise O servants of Allah to help your brothers and sisters!,” Azzam proclaimed. “Rise to save your sons and daughters! Do your best in jihad, O guardians of creed and [monotheism], against the enemies of Allah the idolatrous Buddhists, and target the most important installations of Burma, China and Germany, and their interests and the interests of the United Nations, which supports these massacres and this genocide in Arakan.”
Other groups that have offered support for Burmese Muslims include the Afghan and Pakistani Taliban, al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Shabaab, al Qaeda, and various jihadist media outlets such as the Shumukh al-Islam forum, the Global Islamic Media Front, al Qaeda’s Vanguards of Khorasan magazine, and the Turkish jihadist magazine Islamic World.
Pakistan jihad terrorists training Rohingya jihadis in Bangladesh
Working toward the conquest and Islamization of Myanmar.
“Pakistan terror outfits propping up Rohingya militants in Bangladesh,” by Sahidul Hasan Khokon, India Today, October 30, 2016:
Rohingya militants, who are trained in Pakistan, have become operational in Bangladesh’s hill track area of Cox’s Bazar’s Teknaf and remote areas of Bandarban. Pakistan based militant outfits Lashkar-e-Taiba,Jamatul Mujahideen and Pakistani Taliban have reportedly given full assistance to the Rohingiya militants. The revelation was cited in leading daily of Bangladesh on Sunday based on a report from Myanmar media.
Leading daily Kaler Kantha, citing intelligent officials, said that Rohingya militants got training in Pakistan in 2012. According to the report, their aim was to create sabotage including covert killings in Bangladesh, India and Myanmar. Most of the Rohingya militants were reportedly recruited from the refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar area.
A statement from the office of Myanmar’s President Htin Kyaw blamed the little-known ‘Aqa Mul Mujahidin'(AMM) for the terrorist attack in Myanmar’s north-west province of Rakhain on October 9. In the statement he also said that AMM has good relation with Pakistan and some countries of middle east. Htin Kyaw said, few militant outfits from Pakistan are providing financial support and military training inside Myanmar territory.
Militants carried out attacks on three police check-posts on October 9 in Maungdaw town alongside Myanmar-Bangladesh border and killed 9 policemen. Military Headquarter reported that 26 militants were killed in the counter attack of Myanmar Army.
AMM IS A NEW ARMED GROUP
Citing a senior officials of Indian intelligence, who have closely followed the Rohingya armed militancy for decades, the media said that AMM chief Hafiz Tohar was indeed trained in Pakistan. He said, though AMM is a new armed group but it originated from the Harkat-ul-Jihad Islami-Arakan (HUJI-A) which enjoys close relations with the Pakistan Taliban….
Ref:https://www.jihadwatch.org/2016/10/pakistan-jihad-terrorists-training-rohingya-jihadis-in-bangladesh
Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism
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Contents
- 1 Background
- 2 Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism
- 3 Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism
- 4 Links to terrorist groups
- 5 Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists
- 6 Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa
- 7 Haqqani Network
- 8 United States
- 9 United Kingdom
- 10 Afghanistan
- 11 India
- 12 Bangladesh
- 13 Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan
- 14 See also
- 15 References
Background
Until Pakistan became a key ally in the War on Terrorism, the US Secretary of State included Pakistan on the 1993 list of countries which repeatedly provide support for acts of international terrorism.[1] In fact, many consider that Pakistan has been playing both sides in the fight against terror, on the one hand, demonstrating to help curtail terrorist activities while on the other, stoking it.[12][13] Pakistani journalist Ahmed Rashid and author Ted Galen Carpenter have accused Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of providing help to the Taliban[14] and rebels in Kashmir.[15]Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism
Author Gordon Thomas states that whilst aiding in the capture of Al Qaeda members, Pakistan "still sponsored terrorist groups in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, funding, training and arming them in their war of attrition against India". Journalist Stephen Schwartz notes that several terrorist and criminal groups are "backed by senior officers in the Pakistani army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state".[16] According to Ted Galen Carpenter, a senior fellow for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, "Without the active support of the government in Islamabad, it is doubtful whether the Taliban could ever have come to power in Afghanistan. Pakistani authorities helped fund the militia and equip it with military hardware during the mid-1990s when the Taliban was merely one of several competing factions in Afghanistan’s civil war. Only when the United States exerted enormous diplomatic pressure after the Sept. 11 attacks did Islamabad begin to sever its political and financial ties with the Taliban. Even now it is not certain that key members of Pakistan’s intelligence service have repudiated their Taliban clients.Afghanistan is not the only place where Pakistani leaders have flirted with terrorist clients. Pakistan has also assisted rebel forces in Kashmir even though those groups have committed terrorist acts against civilians. And it should be noted that a disproportionate number of the extremist madrasas schools funded by the Saudis operate in Pakistan."[17] Pakistan's former ambassador to the U.S., Husain Haqqani has said Pakistan sponsors terrorism.[18]
According to the author Daniel Byman, "Pakistan is probably today's most active sponsor of terrorism."[11] writing in an article published by The Australian stated, "following the terror massacres in Mumbai, Pakistan may now be the single biggest state sponsor of terrorism, beyond even Iran, yet it has never been listed by the US State Department as a state sponsor of terrorism".[19]
Former Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf has conceded that his forces trained militant groups to fight India in Indian-administered Kashmir.[20] He confessed that the government ″turned a blind eye″ because it wanted to force India to enter negotiations besides raising the issue internationally.[20] He also said Pakistani spies in the Inter-Services Intelligence directorate (ISI) cultivated the Taliban after 2001 because Karzai’s government was dominated by non-Pashtuns, the country’s largest ethnic group, and officials who were thought to favour India.[21]
India has been consistent in alleging that Pakistan was involved in training and arming underground militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir.[22]
Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism
The ISI, has often been accused of playing a role in major terrorist attacks across India including terrorism in Kashmir,[23][24] the July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings,[25] the 2001 Indian Parliament attack,[26] the 2006 Varanasi bombings,[27] the August 2007 Hyderabad bombings,[28][29] and the November 2008 Mumbai attacks.[30][31]The ISI is also accused of supporting Taliban forces[32] and recruiting and training mujahideen[32][33] to fight in Afghanistan[34][35] and Kashmir.[35] Based on communication intercepts, US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan's ISI was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on 7 July 2008, a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously.[36]
The Pakistani intelligence agency, the ISI, is believed to be aiding these organisations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause, including India, Russia, China, Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom and other members of NATO.[37][38] Satellite imagery from the FBI[39] suggest the existence of several terrorist camps in Pakistan, with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country as part of the going Kashmir Dispute, Pakistan is alleged to be supporting separatist militias[40] Many nonpartisan sources believe that officials within Pakistan’s military and the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sympathise with and aid Islamic terrorists, saying that the "ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the al-Qaeda affiliate Jaish-e-Mohammed".[41]
The Afghan President Hamid Karzai, who has regularly reiterated allegations that militants operating training camps in Pakistan have used it as a launch platform to attack targets in Afghanistan, urged Western military allies to target extremist hideouts in neighbouring Pakistan.[42] In response to the millants from Afghanistan hiding in the mountainous tribal region of Pakistan . The US and Pakistan agreed to allow US Drone Strikes in Pakistan.[43]
Several detainees at the Guantanamo Bay facility told US interrogators that they were aided by the ISI for attacks in the disputed Kashmir Region.[44][45][46][47]
Links to terrorist groups
Pakistan is said to be a haven for terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda,[48] Lashkar-e-Omar, Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Sipah-e-Sahaba. Pakistan is accused of giving aid to the Taliban, "which include[s] soliciting funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taliban fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planning and directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and on several occasions apparently directly providing combat support," as stated by the Human Rights Watch.[49] In 2008, the US has stated that the next attack on the US could originate in Pakistan.[50]In June 2009, India’s army chief, General Deepak Kapoor, used a meeting with US national security adviser Jim Jones to claim that Pakistan was home to 43 "terrorist camps", while rejecting suggestions of engaging in fresh peace talks.[51] Another militant outfit, the JKLF, has openly admitted that more than 3,000 militants from various nationalities were still being trained.[52] Other resources also concur, stating that Pakistan’s military and ISI both include personnel who sympathise with and help Islamic militants, adding that "ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the Jaish-e-Mohammed."[41] Pakistan has denied any involvement in the terrorist activities in Kashmir, arguing that it only provides political and moral support to the so-called 'secessionist' groups. Many Kashmiri groups also maintain their headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which is cited as further proof by the Indian Government. The normally reticent United Nations Organization (UNO) has also publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of Taliban leaders who have been declared by the UN as terrorists.[53][54]
Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists
Former Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf has admitted that Pakistan supported and trained terrorist groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) in 1990s to carry out militancy in Kashmir.[55][56] From 1979 Pakistan was in favour of religious militancy.[57]“The Kashmiri freedom fighters including Hafiz Saeed and Lakhvi were our heroes at that time. We trained Taliban and sent them to fight against Russia. Taliban, Haqqani, Osama Bin Laden and Zawahiri were our heroes then. Later they became villains" says Pervez Musharraf.[57][58]The United States had direct evidence that the ISI chief, Lt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, knew of Bin Laden’s presence in Abbottabad, Pakistan.[59] According to Pervez Hoodhboy, "Bin Laden was the 'Golden Goose' that the army had kept under its watch but which, to its chagrin, has now been stolen from under its nose. Until then, the thinking had been to trade in the Goose at the right time for the right price, either in the form of dollars or political concessions".[60]
Pakistan was also responsible for the evacuation of about 5000 of the top leadership of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda who were encircled by Nato forces in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. This event known as the Kunduz airlift, which is also popularly called the "Airlift of Evil", involved several Pakistani Air Force transport planes flying multiple sorties over a number of days. According to a 2001 article titled "Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism" issued by the US Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, "In South Asia, the United States has been increasingly concerned about reports of Pakistani support to terrorist groups and elements active in Kashmir, as well as Pakistani support, especially military support, to the Taliban, which continues to harbor terrorist groups, including al-Qaida, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan."[61] In 2011, American troops reportedly recovered Pakistani military supplies from Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan.[62]
LeT began carrying out operations in Indian-controlled Kashmir in the 1990s. It actively infiltrated militants across the Line of Control (LoC) from Pakistan to carry out sabotage activities with the help of the ISI and the Pakistan Army.[63] Pakistan Army and Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI) have long considered Lashkar-e-Taiba to be the country’s most reliable proxy against India and the group still provides utility in this regard as well as the potential for leverage at the negotiating table.[64]
Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa
The militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) is widely blamed for the November 2008 Mumbai attacks. The US has put a $10m bounty for its founder Hafiz Muhammad Saeed. Saeed now heads the Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD) group, widely seen as a front for LeT.[65] LeT was banned by Pakistan in 2002 after it allegedly carried out an attack on the Indian parliament. JuD is currently banned by the US, the EU, India and Russia as a terrorist organisation. In June 2014, Washington declared JuD an LeT affiliate and announced head money for JuD’s political wing chief and Saeed’s brother-in-law Abdur Rahman Makki.[66] Zaki ur-Rehman Lakhvi, the leader of Lashkar-e-Taiba and allegedly the planner of 2008 Mumbai attacks was released in Pakistan which caused condemnations in India.[67]JuD regularly conducts mass rallies and congregation,[68] advocating jihad in Kashmir. For its December 2014 rally, Pakistan ran two special trains to carry the crowd to Lahore.[69] India's foreign ministry termed this as 'nothing short of mainstreaming of terrorism and a terrorist'.[70] The congregation was held near Pakistan's national monument, the Minar-e-Pakistan and a security of 4000 policemen was provided. JuD also asks donations for its anti-India and pro-jihad campaigns.[66]
Haqqani Network
Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of US, Mike Mullen described the Haqqani Network as the 'veritable arm of Pakistan's ISI'.[71] Mullen said the country's main intelligence agency ISI was supporting Haqqani network, who are blamed for an assault on the US embassy in Kabul in September 2011 [72][73] and also the September 2011 NATO truck bombing which injured 77 coalition soldiers [74][75] and killed five Afgan civilians.[76]"Operation Zarb-e-Azb has helped disrupt Haqqani network's ability to launch attacks on Afghan territory", a senior commander for US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, Lieutenant General Joseph Anderson said in a Pentagon-hosted video briefing from Afghanistan. He added that the Haqqani network was now fractured too.[77]
In a November 2014 interview to BBC Urdu,[78] Adviser to the Pakistani Prime Minister on National Security and Foreign Affairs, Sartaj Aziz said that Pakistan should not target militants like the Afghan Taliban and Haqqani Network, who do not threaten Pakistan's security.[79][80] After it was raised in Pakistan's parliament, Pakistan's Foreign Office clarified that the statement [81] was said in historical context.[82][83]
United States
US National Security Advisor James L Jones sent a message in the past to Pakistan saying that double standards on terrorism were not acceptable.[84]In September 2016, the Chairman of the US House Subcommittee on Terrorism, Congressman Ted Poe from Texas, along with Dana Rohrabacher from California, introduced a bill in the United States House of Representatives calling for a declaration of Pakistan as a "state sponsor of terrorism". The bill HR 6069[85] requires the US President to issue a report within 90 days detailing Pakistan's role in supporting international terrorism followed by discussion from the US Secretary of State. Ted Poe said in a statement that Pakistan was not only an untrustworthy ally but it has also aided and abetted the enemies of the United States. He called the 2016 Uri attack the "latest consequence of Pakistan’s longstanding irresponsible policy of supporting and providing operational space for 'jihadi' terrorist groups".[86][87] U.S. Senator John McCain said that the bill would not be successful, and pointed out that it was moved by a small minority within the Congress. McCain also acknowledged Pakistan's losses in the fight against terrorism.[88]
United Kingdom
In July 2010, British Prime Minister David Cameron accused the Pakistani government of double standards: "We cannot tolerate in any sense the idea that this country is allowed to look both ways and is able, in any way, to promote the export of terror, whether to India or whether to Afghanistan or anywhere else in the world." However, UK Foreign Secretary William Hague, who was travelling with the prime minister Cameron, clarified Cameron's remarks: "He wasn't accusing anybody of double dealing. He was also saying that Pakistan's made great progress in tackling terrorism. Of course there have been many terrorism outrages in Pakistan itself."[89] Cameron's remarks sparked a diplomatic row with Pakistan, where he came under attack by officials and politicians who strongly criticised his comments.[90] In December 2010, he attempted to visit Pakistan while on a tour to Afghanistan in an effort to mend relations. However, his visit was refused by Pakistan, notably as a snub to his remarks.[91]Afghanistan
US intelligence officials claim that Pakistan's ISI sponsored the 2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul.[92] They say that the ISI officers who aided the attack were not renegades, indicating that their actions might have been authorised by superiors. The attack was carried out by Jalaluddin Haqqani, who runs a network that Western intelligence services say is responsible for a campaign of violence throughout Afghanistan, including the Indian Embassy bombing and the 2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack.[92] Citizenship and Immigration Minister of Canada Chris Alexander called Pakistan a state sponsor of terrorism that threatens world security in 2014.[93]In response to the Afghan War documents leak, The Guardian had a very different take on allegations that Pakistan is sponsoring terrorism. Its Sunday, 25 July 2010 article by Declan Walsh states: "But for all their eye-popping details, the intelligence files, which are mostly collated by junior officers relying on informants and Afghan officials, fail to provide a convincing smoking gun for ISI complicity. Most of the reports are vague, filled with incongruent detail, or crudely fabricated. The same characters – famous Taliban commanders, well-known ISI officials – and scenarios repeatedly pop up. And few of the events predicted in the reports subsequently occurred. A retired senior American officer said ground-level reports were considered to be a mixture of "rumours, bullshit and second-hand information" and were weeded out as they passed up the chain of command".[94]
Afghanistan–Pakistan relations have become more strained after the Afghan government began openly accusing Pakistan of using its ISI spy network in aiding the Taliban and other militants. Pakistan usually denies these allegations but has said in the past that it does not have full control of the actions of the ISI. There have been a number of reports about the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes, which usually occur when army soldiers are in hot pursuit chasing insurgents who cross the border back and forth. This leads to tensions between the two states, especially after hearing reports of civilian casualties.[95]
After the May 2011 death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, many prominent Afghan figures began being assassinated, including Mohammed Daud Daud, Ahmad Wali Karzai, Jan Mohammad Khan, Ghulam Haider Hamidi, Burhanuddin Rabbani and others.[96] Also in the same year, the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes intensified and many large scale attacks by the Pakistani-based Haqqani network took place across Afghanistan. This led to the United States warning Pakistan of a possible military action against the Haqqanis in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.[97] The U.S. blamed Pakistan's government, mainly Pakistani Army and its ISI spy network as the masterminds behind all of this.[98]
"In choosing to use violent extremism as an instrument of policy, the government of Pakistan, and most especially the Pakistani army and ISI, jeopardizes not only the prospect of our strategic partnership but Pakistan's opportunity to be a respected nation with legitimate regional influence. They may believe that by using these proxies, they are hedging their bets or redressing what they feel is an imbalance in regional power. But in reality, they have already lost that bet."[99]U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan, Cameron Munter, told Radio Pakistan that "the attack that took place in Kabul a few days ago, that was the work of the Haqqani network. There is evidence linking the Haqqani Network to the Pakistan government. This is something that must stop."[100] Other top U.S. officials such as Hillary Clinton and Leon Panetta made similar statements.[98][101] Despite all of this, Afghan President Hamid Karzai labelled Pakistan as Afghanistan's "twin brother".[102] Such words in diplomatic talks mean that Afghanistan cannot turn enemy against the state of Pakistan to please others. The two states are working together to find solutions to the problems affecting them. This includes possible defence cooperation and intelligence sharing as well as further enhancing the two-way trade and abolishment of visas for "holders of diplomatic passports to facilitate visa free travel for the diplomats from the two nations."[103][104]
After the May 2017 Kabul attack, the Afghan National Directorate of Security (NDS) claimed that the blast was planned by the Afghan insurgent group Haqqani Network, and reiterated allegations that those elements had support and presence across the border in Pakistan.[105] Afghan President Ashraf Ghani stated that Pakistan has instigated an "undeclared war of aggression" against the country.[106] Pakistan's Foreign Ministry spokesman, Nafees Zakaria rejected the Afghan allegations as "baseless".[107]
India
The government of Pakistan has been accused of aiding terrorist organisations operating on their soil who have attacked neighbouring India. Pakistan denies all allegations, stating that these acts are committed by non-state actors.[108][109]India alleged that the 2008 Mumbai attacks originated in Pakistan, and that the attackers were in touch with a Pakistani colonel and other handlers in Pakistan. The testimony of David Headley, who was implicated for his role in the Mumbai attacks, points to significant ISI involvement in the activities of the LeT, including the Mumbai attacks.[110] This led to a UN ban on one such organisation, the Jama'at-ud-Da'wah, which the Pakistani government is yet to enforce.[111][112]
On 5 April 2006, the Indian police arrested six Islamic militants, including a cleric who helped plan bomb blasts in Varanasi. The cleric is believed to be a commander of a banned South Asian Islamic militant group, Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, and is linked to the ISI.[113]
Pakistan denied involvement in militant activities in Kashmir, though President Asif Ali Zardari admitted in July 2010[114] that militants had been "deliberately created and nurtured" by past governments "as a policy to achieve some short-term tactical objectives" stating that they were "heroes" until 9/11.
In October 2010, former Pakistan President and former head of the Pakistan Army, Pervez Musharraf revealed that Pakistani armed forces trained militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir.[115] Many Kashmiri militant groups designated as terrorist organisations by the US still maintain their headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. This is cited by the Indian government as further proof that Pakistan supports terrorism. Many of the terrorist organisations are banned by the UN, but continue to operate under different names. Even the normally reticent United Nations (UN) has also publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of Taliban leaders who have been declared by the UN as terrorists.[53][54] Both the federal and state governments in India continue to accuse Pakistan of helping several banned terrorist organisations, including the Indian organisations unhappy with their own Government, like the ULFA in Assam.[116]
Bangladesh
In two separate incidents officials of the Pakistani High Commission in Dhaka, were alleged to be financing the terrorist activities of the banned Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) organization. Diplomatic official Mazhar Khan was charged by Bangladesh's foreign ministry of running an illegal Indian currency business in Dhaka beside alleged links with militants. However, Pakistan's foreign office maintains that allegations against him are baseless and the incident is unfortunate.[117]In December 2015, Pakistan decided to withdraw second secretary Farina Arshad after the Bangladeshi authorities asked the diplomat to leave for reportedly having "extended financial support to a suspected militant who faces spying charges." JMB operative Idris Sheikh, who also holds Pakistani nationality had claimed he had received money from her and was in contact with her for some time.[118] Pakistan has withdrawn one of its diplomats from Bangladesh after “harassment”, the foreign ministry said. A formal statement from Islamabad dismissed the charges as “baseless”, adding: “an incessant and orchestrated media campaign was launched against her on spurious charges” [119]
Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan
Critics had accused Pakistan's military and security establishment of protecting Osama bin Laden, until he was found and killed by US forces.[120] This issue was expected to worsen US ties with Pakistan.[121][122] Bin Laden was killed in what most feel was his residence for at least three years, in Abbottabad, in Pakistan.[123] It was an expensive compound,[124] less than 100 kilometres' drive from the capital, Islamabad, probably built specifically for Bin Laden.[125] The compound is 0.8 miles (1.3 km) southwest of the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA), a prominent military academy that has been compared to Sandhurst in Britain and West Point in the United States.[126] Pakistan's President Zardari has denied that his country's security forces may have sheltered Osama bin Laden.[127][128]In response to America's exposure of bin Laden's hiding place, Pakistan moved to shut down the informant network that lead the Americans there.[129]
In addition Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Abu Zubaydah, Abu Laith al Libi and Sheikh Said Masri have all been captured or killed inside Pakistan.[130]
Ref:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism
Counter Terrorism Measures in Southeast Asia: How Effective Are They? by Rommel C. Banlaoi from Rommel Banlaoi
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